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#Carbon dioxide formula ionic or covalent download

Repeat steps 4 to 10 with some or all of the other solids. Raise the electrodes from the crucible, and allow them to cool.Does the molten substance conduct electricity now? Switch the current off again. If necessary lower the electrodes into the molten substance, before clamping them again. Gently heat the sample until it just melts, and then turn off the Bunsen flame. Set the crucible over a Bunsen burner on a pipeclay triangle and tripod, and clamp the electrodes in position over the crucible.Switch on the current and find out whether the solid conducts electricity or not, then switch the current off again.Lower the electrodes so that they are well immersed in the solid, and then clamp the electrodes in position. Select one of the solids contained in a crucible.

#Carbon dioxide formula ionic or covalent download

Note down the results using the student sheet available with this resource (see download links below) and repeat this experiment with each metal available.

Select one of the metals, and by holding the electrodes in contact with it, find out whether or not it conducts electricity then switch the current off.

The apparatus required for testing the conductivity of different substances when solid and molten

Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram, at this stage do not include the crucible or bunsen burner flame (these are for later).

Sulfur is a very poor conductor of heat, and localised heating is likely to cause it to start burning! You must use a fume cupboard. Heat a small sample of ‘flowers of sulfur’ very, very slowly. If there is time, sulfur can be done as a teacher demonstration.

If it happens, cover the vessel with a damp cloth and leave in place until cool. But there is a strong likelihood of it catching fire, with sulfur dioxide, SO 2 (g), (TOXIC), given off. Sulfur is a non-metallic element and is a good substance to have included in the list. Sulfur, S 8 (s) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC096A.Potassium iodide, KI(s) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC047b.Zinc chloride, ZnCl 2 (s) (CORROSIVE, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC108a.Sugar (sucrose), C 12 H 22 O 11 (s) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC040c.Phenylsalicylate (salol), C 6 H 4 (OH)COOC 6 H 5 (s), (IRRITANT, DANGROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC052.Copper, Cu(s) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC026.Lead, Pb(s), (TOXIC) – see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC056.Read our standard health and safety guidance.Zinc chloride (CORROSIVE, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT).Phenylsalicylate (salol) (IRRITANT, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT).Small pieces of lead (TOXIC), copper and perhaps other metals.A light bulb has more visual impact, but an ammeter can be used instead.The electrodes need to be fixed in such a way as to fit inside the crucible supplied. The carbon electrodes need to be fixed in some sort of support – such as a polythene holder or large rubber bung – so that there is no possibility of the electrodes being allowed to short-circuit.

Light bulb in holder, 6 V (see note 2 below).Carbon (graphite) electrodes, fitted in a holder (see note 1 below).There will not be time to investigate all the substances, so each group could be assigned three or four of these, and the results pooled at the end. The practical works well as a class experiment, with students working in groups of two to three. This experiment enables students to distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and to verify that covalent substances never conduct electricity even when liquefied, whereas ionic compounds conduct when molten. RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme.Introductory maths for higher education.The physics of restoration and conservation.